This paper aims to identify the atmospheric boundary layer turbulence structure and its effect on severe foggy haze events frequently occurring in Northern China. We use data collected from a ground eddy covariance system, meteorology tower, and a PM2.5 collector in Baoding, China during December 2016. The data shows that 73.5% of PM2.5 concentration is greater than 100 μg m−3 with a maximum of 522 μg m−3. Analyses on vertical turbulence spectrum also reveal that 1) during the pollution period, lower wind can suppress large-scale turbulence eddies, which are more likely inhomogeneous, breaking into small-scale eddies, and 2) the air pollutant scattering effect for radiation could decrease the air temperature near the ground and generate weak vertical turbulence during the daytime. At night, air pollutants suppress the land surface cooling and decrease the air temperature difference as well as the vertical turbulence intensity difference. The vertical turbulence impact analysis reveals that the percentage of large-scale turbulence eddies can also change the atmospheric vertical mixing capacity. During the daytime, the air pollution evolution is controlled by the wind speed and vertical turbulence intensity. While at night, the vertical turbulence is weak and the atmospheric vertical mixing capacity is mainly controlled by the large-scale eddies’ percentage. The increased number of large-scale turbulence eddies led by low wind at night could increase the vertical mixing of air pollutants and decrease its concentration near the ground.